In the context of memory, what does encoding refer to?

Encoding in the context of memory refers to the process of transforming sensory input into a format that can be stored and later retrieved by the brain. This is the initial step in the memory process, where external stimuli are converted into a neural code that the brain can understand. For instance, when you hear a song, your brain encodes that auditory information so that it can be recalled later.

The other options, while related to memory processes, describe different stages. Storing information in long-term memory pertains to the second phase following encoding, where encoded information is maintained over time. Accessing information for retrieval concerns the final stage, where stored memories are brought back to consciousness for use. Organizing memories into hierarchical structures relates to how information is structured in memory, which can assist in retrieval but is not the same as the initial encoding process. Thus, the correct answer represents the crucial first step of transforming input for further processing in memory.