What condition involves a build-up of grainy deposits in the retina that deteriorates central vision?

The condition that involves a build-up of grainy deposits in the retina, leading to the deterioration of central vision, is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This condition primarily affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. As AMD progresses, these deposits, often referred to as drusen, accumulate, resulting in a gradual loss of vision that can severely impact activities such as reading and recognizing faces.

In contrast, glaucoma primarily affects peripheral vision due to increased intraocular pressure and damage to the optic nerve. Retinitis pigmentosa involves a degeneration of retinal photoreceptors, leading to night blindness and peripheral vision loss, not the central vision issues that characterize AMD. Diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes, causes damage to the blood vessels in the retina but is distinguished from AMD by the presence of vascular changes rather than deposits affecting central vision. Thus, age-related macular degeneration is the correct response as it specifically describes the accumulation of deposits in the retina with a central vision decline.