What does the biological chromosome makeup determine in terms of gender?

The biological chromosome makeup determines sex, which is fundamentally linked to the physical and physiological characteristics that distinguish male from female. Typically, human beings have a pair of sex chromosomes that are either XX (female) or XY (male). This chromosomal structure influences the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics, such as reproductive organs and other biological traits.

While other concepts like gender identity, gender role, and gender expression relate to social and psychological facets of being male or female, they are shaped by a combination of biological, environmental, and cultural factors. For example, gender identity refers to how individuals perceive themselves, which can differ from their biological sex. Gender roles are societal expectations surrounding behavior considered appropriate for men and women, and gender expression involves how one presents their gender identity through behavior, clothing, and communication. These aspects do not stem directly from biological chromosomes, highlighting why the chromosomal makeup specifically pertains to sex.