What does the term 'out-group' generally refer to?

The term 'out-group' refers specifically to a group that is perceived as different from one's own in-group. This concept is rooted in social identity theory, which illustrates how individuals categorize themselves and others into groups. The in-group consists of people with whom a person identifies, sharing similar characteristics, values, or beliefs, creating a sense of belonging and community. Conversely, the out-group is seen as distinct and separate, which can lead to biases or negative attitudes based on the perception of differences.

Understanding the dynamic between in-groups and out-groups is crucial in psychology as it influences social interactions, relationships, and conflicts. The perception of an out-group can result in stereotyping, prejudice, or discrimination because individuals may view those outside their group as fundamentally different or inferior. This classification affects various social phenomena, including group dynamics, intergroup relations, and cohesion within groups.