What does the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon refer to?

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon describes the experience where an individual cannot recall a specific word or piece of information, even though they have a strong feeling that they know it. This phenomenon often includes feelings of frustration or anxiety, as individuals might be able to recall related information, such as the first letter of the word or the number of syllables, but still cannot retrieve the exact term. This reflects the complexities of memory retrieval, where the brain is unable to access information that is seemingly stored within it. The other choices describe different concepts in psychology - such as methods of learning, retrieval issues due to too many cues, or unexpected recoveries of memory - but do not capture the essence of the tip-of-the-tongue experience.