What encompasses the socially and culturally constructed characteristics of males and females?

The concept that encompasses the socially and culturally constructed characteristics of males and females is gender. Gender refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, and expectations that society considers appropriate for individuals based on their perceived sex. It is distinct from biological sex, which is determined by physical and physiological attributes such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs. While biological sex is consistent across biological classifications, gender can vary significantly across different cultures and societies, often influenced by social norms and individual identity.

Sexual orientation pertains to an individual's emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others, which is separate from the constructs of gender. Social roles refer to the expectations placed on individuals based on their social context, which can include but is not limited to gender roles. These roles can also change over time and vary between different social groups. Gender, as a term, captures the broader spectrum of identity and expression beyond just the binary understanding of male and female, taking into account the complexities of cultural and societal influence.