What is the main characteristic of hostile aggression?

Hostile aggression is primarily characterized by emotional and impulsive reactions. This type of aggression arises in response to perceived threats, frustration, or provocation and is often accompanied by strong emotional reactions such as anger or rage. The behavior tends to be impulsive rather than premeditated, meaning that it is typically a reflexive response to an immediate trigger rather than part of a structured or planned approach to achieving a specific goal.

In contrast, planned and goal-oriented behaviors are more indicative of instrumental aggression, where the actions are calculated and aimed at achieving a particular outcome. Passive resistance to authority does not align with the overt and emotionally driven nature of hostile aggression. Lastly, while defense against perceived threats can underpin the emotional reactions in hostile aggression, it is not the defining characteristic. The key aspect of hostile aggression is the impulsivity and emotional arousal involved in the response.