What is the term for a variable that can systematically affect the dependent variable besides the independent variable?

The term for a variable that can systematically affect the dependent variable besides the independent variable is a confounding variable. Confounding variables are factors other than the independent variable that may cause a change in the dependent variable, creating a false impression of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables. By influencing the outcome, confounding variables can lead to incorrect conclusions about the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Understanding confounding variables is crucial in experimental design and data analysis, as researchers must control for them to ensure the validity and reliability of their findings. In comparison, extraneous variables also impact the dependent variable but do not systematically affect its relationship with the independent variable like confounding variables do. Reliable variables refer to consistency in measurement, while the independent variable is the factor manipulated to observe an effect on the dependent variable.