What process occurs when the brain forms a permanent representation of memory?

Consolidation is the process that transforms new memories into a stable, long-lasting form. This occurs after the initial encoding of information. During consolidation, the brain stabilizes the memory traces created during the encoding process, allowing for these memories to be maintained over time.

This process often involves the reorganization of neural connections and may be influenced by factors such as sleep, which plays a crucial role in enhancing and securing memories. As a result, once consolidation occurs, memories are no longer as susceptible to interference and can be recalled later with greater accuracy.

In contrast, encoding refers to the initial process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory, while retrieval involves accessing and bringing stored memories into conscious awareness. Association relates to how different pieces of information are linked together in the brain but does not specifically address the stabilization of memory.