What theory posits that gender roles arise from the interaction between biological sex and social factors?

The biosocial theory effectively explains that gender roles emerge from the interplay of biological characteristics and social influences. This perspective acknowledges that while biological factors, such as genetics and hormonal differences, play a foundational role in determining an individual’s sex, social factors—like cultural expectations, upbringing, and environmental influences—interact with these biological aspects to shape gender identity and roles.

In contrast, biological theories tend to focus solely on the impacts of biological components, such as chromosomes and hormones, without considering the significant role that socialization and culture play in shaping gender norms. Behaviorist theory emphasizes learned behaviors based on reinforcement and punishment, typically overlooking the innate biological influences. Cognitive theory, on the other hand, stresses mental processes and how individuals perceive and understand gender while not fully integrating the biological aspects of gender development. Thus, the biosocial theory stands out as the most comprehensive explanation, integrating both biological and social elements in the formation of gender roles.