What type of cues assist retrieval from long-term memory based on the environment where learning occurred?

Context-dependent cues refer to the idea that memory retrieval is often enhanced when the individual is in the same environment where the original learning took place. This concept is grounded in the principle that contextual details—such as sights, sounds, and smells—associated with a memory can act as retrieval cues that help to bring that memory back to consciousness. For instance, if a student learns information in a particular classroom setting, returning to that environment can trigger related memories and enhance recall.

The other options do not pertain to environmental cues. Proactive interference describes a situation where older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer ones. Free recall is a method of retrieving information without any cues or prompts, and maintenance rehearsal refers to the process of repeatedly practicing or reviewing information to keep it in short-term memory, rather than focusing on the context from which the information was learned. Therefore, the emphasis on the specific environment and its impact on memory retrieval solidifies the correctness of context-dependent cues as the answer.