Which method describes learning that occurs through the consequences of an action when observed in others?

The concept of learning through the consequences of actions observed in others is accurately represented by vicarious learning. This type of learning occurs when individuals observe the behaviors of others and the outcomes of those behaviors, allowing them to learn without direct experience. For instance, if a person sees someone else being rewarded for a specific behavior, they may be more inclined to replicate that behavior, anticipating a similar positive outcome for themselves.

Vicarious learning emphasizes the role of observation and cognition, enabling individuals to adapt their behavior based on the experiences of others, rather than relying solely on firsthand experiences. This approach is significant in both social and educational contexts, as it highlights how individuals can learn from the experiences and consequences faced by others around them.

In contrast, classical conditioning focuses on the association between stimuli, operant conditioning involves learning through reinforcement or punishment following a behavior, and modeling pertains specifically to the imitation of others' behaviors rather than the learned consequences associated with those behaviors. Therefore, vicarious learning is the most accurate term for the process described in the question.