Which model of memory posits that the ease of retrieval is related to how deeply information is processed?

The Levels of Processing model of memory is grounded in the concept that information can be processed at varying depths, which influences how well it is encoded and subsequently retrieved. This model was proposed by Craik and Lockhart in the 1970s and argues that deeper levels of processing—such as semantic understanding or meaningful analysis—lead to more durable and accessible memories.

When information is processed superficially, like through simple repetition or focusing on physical characteristics, its retrieval is generally less effective compared to information that has been considered meaningfully or contextually. Therefore, the model emphasizes that the depth of processing affects the strength of memory trace, establishing a clear relationship between the nature of processing and retrieval success.

In contrast, the other models mentioned do not specifically address the depth of processing in relation to retrieval effectiveness. The multi-store model of memory describes different storage systems (sensory, short-term, and long-term) rather than the processes that influence retrieval. The working memory model emphasizes the mechanisms of temporary storage and manipulation of information, while schema theory focuses on how pre-existing frameworks influence memory encoding and retrieval rather than the depth of processing itself.